Little is known about the ancient Chinese philosopher Huizi (or Hui Tzu, c. 300 BCE), but some of his paradoxes survive in the remoter chapters of the Zhuangzi. It's diverting to consider what reasoning might lie behind them. For example:
* I left for Yue today and arrived yesterday.
* I know the center of the world: It is north of Yen [in the north] and south of Yue [in the south].
* An egg has feathers.
* Wheels never touch the ground.
* No matter how swift the barbed arrow, there are times when it is neither moving nor at rest.
* Take a pole one foot long, cut away half of it every day, and at the end of ten thousand generations there will still be some left.
[Burton Watson, trans., except the first which is mine.]
The last two of these paradoxes are surprisingly close to Zero's famous paradoxes of motion in ancient Greece. (It is highly doubtful there was any influence.)
Consider the first of these: I left for Yue today and arrived yesterday. Is there any way to make sense of it?
Well, the following are plausible principles:
(a.) The last day you are in a locale is the day you left.
(b.) The first day you are in a locale is the day you arrived.
(c.) You are in a locale if at least 50% of your body is in that locale.
Now suppose I crossed over the border of Yue at exactly midnight, so that 50% of my body was in my home state at that instant and 50% was in Yue at that instant. It follows from (c) that:
(d.) I was in my home state both yesterday and today.
(e.) I was in Yue both yesterday and today.
By (a) and (d), I left for Yue today. However, by (b) and (e), I arrived yesterday.
Hi Eric
ReplyDeletethis is just a quick thought, could this saying be more about the state of Yue as a socially and technically backward state.
Here in Australia we joke about other states being behind when Daylight savings kicks in, for example, Queensland is an hour behind on the clock, but it is 10 years behind in everything else.
probably not what the saying is about, but thought I would throw it out there....
Cheers
Waz
Thanks for the comment, Warren! Your interpretation is completely possible. Seeing the whole body of paradoxes, though, it's striking how many of them plausibly involve space, time, the infinite, and the infinitesmal. Since that seems to be a general theme of Huizi's, I think that gives interpretations invoking that theme a little additional plausibility.
ReplyDeleteOn the time zone issue, here's a thought. I don't know how the day was divided in ancient China, but if it had to do with sunrise or sunset, I can imagine seeing the sun set (transitioning to Thursday, say), then walking up a hill and seeing the sun again (thus going back to Wednesday). If I did this while crossing the border to Yue, I might have left for Yue today and arrived yesterday.
from my (admittedly limited) understanding of chinese/taoist philosophy, i think any attempt to "resolve" the paradox by means of conceptual argumentation is sort of missing the goal of the paradox in the first place.
ReplyDeletethat is, the taoist thought (and later chan [zen]) thought) is to use paradoxes like these to illustrate the LIMITS of conceptual thought. Conceptual thought is rooted in carving the world into dualistic categories like "yesterday" and "tomorrow", which we believe represent things in the world. however, we mistake these representations for the reality of the world itself, which is a mistake.
the function of the paradox is try to show us that when we use conceptual thought constructions to understand the world, we run into impossible situations.
the solution to the paradox is to directly realize their impossibility within a framework of conceptual thought.
when this happens, we realize that yesterday and tomorrow are in a sense the SAME thing, because one cannot exist without the other, and so on.
I'm not sure if that makes perfect sense...
- s
Good point, Steve! Something like that might be right if we interpret Huizi as a Daoist or quasi-Daoist. But should we interpret him that way? Zhuangzi is pretty critical of Huizi in the Inner Chapters. It doesn't seem that Zhuangzi, at least, sees Huizi as a Daoist.
ReplyDeleteBut Daoist or non-Daoist, I grant that it is quite possible that Huizi thinks his paradoxes are irresolvable. However, even if that is the case, he needs something to motivate them, something to make it seem in some way plausible and not just stupid to say that I left today and arrived yesterday!
The title of your post reminds me of an old limeric from a popular physics book:
ReplyDeleteThere once was a lady named Bright/
who traveled much faster than light/
She departed one day, in a relative way/
and came home the previous night/
Very interesting stuff. And what a deft solution, Eric! Have you thought much about this "wheels never touch the ground" business? The "eggs have feathers" might trade on the ambiguity between "having feathers" in the manifest sense and having the propensity to grow feathers. But you never really know, given the dearth of textual evidence.
ReplyDeleteI really doubt that Huizi was a Daoist thinker, which is precisely why Zhuangzi so often picked him as a foil. But I can see why you might have read it this way, Steve, since (as Eric said) these paradoxes appear in a later chapter of the Zhuangzi.
Outside of the so-called "Inner Chapters" (= the first seven), the others are of very uncertain attribution. And there is even quite a bit of dispute about the attribution of the Inner Chapters, but that's a debate for the philologists...
I'm inclined to read the wheel never touching the ground as an issue about a circle forming a tangent to a line at only an infinitesmal (i.e., no measurable) point. The egg has feathers I'm inclined to think of as a sorites paradox.
ReplyDeleteThese are very speculative of course, but it's cool how one can explain almost all the paradoxes by appeal to the infinite and infinitesmal (or insensibly small). (The traditional sorities paradox isn't a matter of insensibly small units, but it could be recast that way.)
Eric,
ReplyDeleteYes, I was thinking the same thing about the wheel paradox. I'm not sure about reading a sorites paradox into "eggs have feathers." But it's certainly plausible. This sounds like a good point at which to look up what A.C. Graham would have to say!
A.C. Graham -- in Disputers at least -- is pretty half-hearted, though he briefly suggests a few things, including something in the general direction of my leaving for Yue interpretation. Of course, there are many scattered discussions of these paradoxes in the secondary literature....
ReplyDeleteGreat post (and I enjoy reading your Chinese philosophy posts, esp. on Mencius)!
ReplyDeleteHere's my hypothesis: the bulk of Hui Shi's paradoxes are generated from Later Mohist assumptions about using boundaries to make spatiotemporal divisions. Hui Shi's point is that we should give up use of boundaries on pain of contradiction.
I have some preliminary blog notes trying to work out this hypothesis, over at:
http://www.whatisitliketobeablog.com/?p=16
and
http://www.whatisitliketobeablog.com/?p=18
And a more polished 12-page piece, for anyone who's interested. (e-mail bo_ram_lee at yahoo dot com).
That sounds interesting and plausible to me, Boram. Will you email me the piece (eschwitz at domain: ucr.edu)?
ReplyDeleteI believe that he meant he had formed the intention of going to this country and imagined it, if you will, and so in his mind had already arrived before he physically set out.
ReplyDeleteI left for Yue today and arrived yesterday.
ReplyDeletehas same meaning.
I arrived at Yue yesterday and left for Yue today.
No paradox?
It's only a paradox if "and" means "then".
Another interpretation:
ReplyDeleteToday I set out for Yue and.... <- This is my thought today, left hanging.
three days later...
..and Yesterday I arrived. <- I finish my thought.
Anon Sep 19 01:17 and 01:20. It still seems paradoxical to me with the order rearranged. But I like the completed thought idea a lot!
ReplyDeleteHi Eric,
ReplyDeleteI think this is to emphasize the infinite space between yesterday and today. Today and tomorrow.
To me,
"I set off for Yueh today and came there yesterday."
is the enso symbol in writing.
The space and time between yesterday and today could fit the entire journey to Yue.
And that destiny/fate will play out while we are going through the formalities of physical actions. If he was meant to be in Yue he would have already been there yesterday, the traveling part is a formality. We should focus on the space and not the action. All is already underway, we are more in the way of it than we are aware of. To truly get out of the way of the way and let the way unfold.
"I set off for Yueh today and came there yesterday." the quote emphasizes the concept of Wuji or the enso japansese symbol.
ReplyDeleteThere is limitless space between yesterday and today. So much space that it is equivalent to the time spent actually traveling to Yue.